Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition
The FPMT is an organization devoted to preserving and spreading Mahayana Buddhism worldwide by creating opportunities to listen, reflect, meditate, practice and actualize the unmistaken teachings of the Buddha and based on that experience spreading the Dharma to sentient beings. We provide integrated education through which people’s minds and hearts can be transformed into their highest potential for the benefit of others, inspired by an attitude of universal responsibility and service. We are committed to creating harmonious environments and helping all beings develop their full potential of infinite wisdom and compassion. Our organization is based on the Buddhist tradition of Lama Tsongkhapa of Tibet as taught to us by our founders Lama Thubten Yeshe and Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche.
Die Stiftung zur Erhaltung der Mahayana Tradition (FPMT) ist eine Organisation, die sich weltweit für die Erhaltung und Verbreitung des Mahayana-Buddhismus einsetzt, indem sie Möglichkeiten schafft, den makellosen Lehren des Buddha zuzuhören, über sie zur reflektieren und zu meditieren und auf der Grundlage dieser Erfahrung das Dharma unter den Lebewesen zu verbreiten.
Wir bieten integrierte Schulungswege an, durch denen der Geist und das Herz der Menschen in ihr höchstes Potential verwandelt werden zum Wohl der anderen – inspiriert durch eine Haltung der universellen Verantwortung und dem Wunsch zu dienen. Wir haben uns verpflichtet, harmonische Umgebungen zu schaffen und allen Wesen zu helfen, ihr volles Potenzial unendlicher Weisheit und grenzenlosen Mitgefühls zu verwirklichen.
Unsere Organisation basiert auf der buddhistischen Tradition von Lama Tsongkhapa von Tibet, so wie sie uns von unseren Gründern Lama Thubten Yeshe und Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche gelehrt wird.
La Fundación para la preservación de la tradición Mahayana (FPMT) es una organización que se dedica a preservar y difundir el budismo Mahayana en todo el mundo, creando oportunidades para escuchar, reflexionar, meditar, practicar y actualizar las enseñanzas inconfundibles de Buda y en base a esa experiencia difundir el Dharma a los seres.
Proporcionamos una educación integrada a través de la cual las mentes y los corazones de las personas se pueden transformar en su mayor potencial para el beneficio de los demás, inspirados por una actitud de responsabilidad y servicio universales. Estamos comprometidos a crear ambientes armoniosos y ayudar a todos los seres a desarrollar todo su potencial de infinita sabiduría y compasión.
Nuestra organización se basa en la tradición budista de Lama Tsongkhapa del Tíbet como nos lo enseñaron nuestros fundadores Lama Thubten Yeshe y Lama Zopa Rinpoche.
A continuación puede ver una lista de los centros y sus páginas web en su lengua preferida.
L’organisation de la FPMT a pour vocation la préservation et la diffusion du bouddhisme du mahayana dans le monde entier. Elle offre l’opportunité d’écouter, de réfléchir, de méditer, de pratiquer et de réaliser les enseignements excellents du Bouddha, pour ensuite transmettre le Dharma à tous les êtres. Nous proposons une formation intégrée grâce à laquelle le cœur et l’esprit de chacun peuvent accomplir leur potentiel le plus élevé pour le bien d’autrui, inspirés par le sens du service et une responsabilité universelle. Nous nous engageons à créer un environnement harmonieux et à aider tous les êtres à épanouir leur potentiel illimité de compassion et de sagesse. Notre organisation s’appuie sur la tradition guéloukpa de Lama Tsongkhapa du Tibet, telle qu’elle a été enseignée par nos fondateurs Lama Thoubtèn Yéshé et Lama Zopa Rinpoché.
L’FPMT è un organizzazione il cui scopo è preservare e diffondere il Buddhismo Mahayana nel mondo, creando occasioni di ascolto, riflessione, meditazione e pratica dei perfetti insegnamenti del Buddha, al fine di attualizzare e diffondere il Dharma fra tutti gli esseri senzienti.
Offriamo un’educazione integrata, che può trasformare la mente e i cuori delle persone nel loro massimo potenziale, per il beneficio di tutti gli esseri, ispirati da un’attitudine di responsabilità universale e di servizio.
Il nostro obiettivo è quello di creare contesti armoniosi e aiutare tutti gli esseri a sviluppare in modo completo le proprie potenzialità di infinita saggezza e compassione.
La nostra organizzazione si basa sulla tradizione buddhista di Lama Tsongkhapa del Tibet, così come ci è stata insegnata dai nostri fondatori Lama Thubten Yeshe e Lama Zopa Rinpoche.
Di seguito potete trovare un elenco dei centri e dei loro siti nella lingua da voi prescelta.
“护持大乘法脉基金会”( 英文简称：FPMT。全名：Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition) 是一个致力于护持和弘扬大乘佛法的国际佛教组织。我们提供听闻，思维，禅修，修行和实证佛陀无误教法的机会，以便让一切众生都能够享受佛法的指引和滋润。
護持大乘法脈基金會”（ 英文簡稱：FPMT。全名：Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition ）是一個致力於護持和弘揚大乘佛法的國際佛教組織。我們提供聽聞，思維，禪修，修行和實證佛陀無誤教法的機會，以便讓一切眾生都能夠享受佛法的指引和滋潤。
Our grabbing ego made this body manifest, come out. However, instead of looking at it negatively, we should regard it as precious. We know that our body is complicated, but from the Dharma point of view, instead of putting ourselves down with self-pity, we should appreciate and take advantage of it. We should use it in a good way.
The Foundation Store is FPMT’s online shop and features a vast selection of Buddhist study and practice materials written or recommended by our lineage gurus. These items include homestudy programs, prayers and practices in PDF or eBook format, materials for children, and other resources to support practitioners.
Items displayed in the shop are made available for Dharma practice and educational purposes, and never for the purpose of profiting from their sale. Please read FPMT Foundation Store Policy Regarding Dharma Items for more information.
Every month on the Tibetan 29th day, an important day to offer protector pujas, The Puja Fund sponsors about 40 of the most senior monks of Sera Je Monastery, who specialize in the practice of Most Secret Hayagriva, to offer the Extensive Most Secret Hayagriva puja (Hayagriva Tsog Kong). This is an all day puja with an elaborate torma offering (pictured above) and extensive prayers and meditation.
The Puja Fund just offered funds to cover the last 12 months of these pujas. The total amount for this is US$5,250.82
The Extensive Most Secret Hayagriva puja is dedicated to all FPMT centers, services, projects; the success of all Dharma activities and removal of obstacles; to all students who are facing obstacles; to the benefactors of the Puja Fund and to all beings.
You are welcome to contribute any amount to these powerful monthly pujas:
Every month on the full moon the Puja Fund sponsors the offering of gold and robes to the most holy Jowo Buddha Statue in Tibet.
The extensive range of practices and pujas that are offered in India, Nepal and around the world through the Puja Fund is astounding. As Charitable Projects Coordinator, Ven. Holly Ansett, recently commented, “It is like Rinpoche has taken on the personal responsibility to care for all the main holy objects in the world on behalf of FPMT.”
Every month, the Puja Fund sponsors an incredible array of beneficial activities. Please check the dates that these will be occurring in May and June so you can rejoice as they are offered:
Full Moon
May 14, 2014 June 13, 2014
Prayers and Offerings:
Offering of white-washing, Bouddhanath and Swayambunath Stupa, Nepal
Offering new umbrellas to the stupas’ pinnacles, Bouddhanath and Swayambunath Stupa, Nepal
Saffron flowers offered in each of the four directions. Bouddhanath and Swayambunath Stupa, Nepal
16 Arhant puja for Lama Zopa Rinpoche’s long life, Kopan Monastery, Nepal
A new set of robes of the most precious material with meditation practice is offered each month to the Buddha inside the Bodhgaya Mahabodhi temple, Bodhgaya, India
A new set of robes of the most precious material is offered monthly to the Jowo Buddha in Lhasa’s Jokhang, Lhasa Jokhang, Tibet
Gold is also offered to the holy face of the Jowo Buddha, Lhasa Jokhang, Tibet
Robes offered to special Chenrezig statue inside Potala palace (when possible), Tibet
Tibetan 8th day
May 7, 2014 June 6, 2014
Prayers and Offerings:
Extensive Medicine Buddha puja on the 8th day of the Tibetan month to bring success to all one’s activities, and for long life and also when anyone has passed away, Sera Me Monastery, India
Rs 20 offering to approx. 2000 monks, Sera Me Monastery, India
Tibetan 29th day
May 27, 2014 June 26, 2014
Prayers and Offerings:
Hayagriva Tsog Kong: all-day puja to Hayagriva with extensive offerings offered by 40 senior monks at Sera Je Monastery
Rs 150 offering to approx. 40 monks, Sera Je Monastery, India
In addition, the following is offered annually:
Annual 100,000 Tsog Offerings to Padmasambhava
Annual recitation of 100,000 Praises to the 21 Taras
Annual recitation of the Kangyur
Incredible array of pujas and offerings during the 15 days of Losar
Incredible array of pujas and offerings during the month of Saka Dawa
Incredible array of pujas and offerings during Chokhor Duchen
Incredible array of pujas and offerings during Lha Bab Duchen
Please rejoice in the incredible ongoing offerings of pujas, practices and prayers sponsored by the Puja Fund and performed by as many as 9,000 Sangha. You are welcome to donate any amount to these ongoing offerings.
Lama Zopa Rinpoche, through the Lama Zopa Rinpoche Bodhichitta Fund, recently offered US$3,469 to the FPMT Puja Fund to support the ongoing amazing array of pujas and activities that are continuously offered and dedicated for the success of FPMT, the health and long life of His Holiness the Dalai Lama and all of Lama Zopa Rinpoche’s gurus, as well as all FPMT students, benefactors, and to all beings.
Geshe Sengye, the past Abbott of Sera Je Monastery in Tibet, and Extensive Hayagriva torma.
Every month on the Tibetan 29th day, an important day to offer protector pujas, The Puja Fund sponsors about 40 of the most senior monks of Sera Je Monastery, who specialize in the practice of Most Secret Hayagriva, to offer the Extensive Most Secret Hayagriva puja (Hayagriva Tsog Kong). This is an all day puja with an elaborate torma offering (pictured above) and extensive prayers and meditation. 150 rs is offered to each monk offering this puja.
The Extensive Most Secret Hayagriva puja is dedicated to all FPMT centers, services, projects; the success of all Dharma activities and removal of obstacles; to all students who are facing obstacles; to the benefactors of the Puja Fund and to all beings.
The Puja Fund makes a small offering to the 40 monks who perform the puja; offers breakfast, lunch and dinner; and covers the cost of extensive torma offerings for the puja.
Every Tibetan 29th day (This month it is: December 31, 2013), you can remember that there are over 40 monks performing the Extensive Most Secret Hayagriva puja. This is something amazing to rejoice in, to mentally offer and dedicate towards and also something you can participate in by donating any amount … How amazing!
Most precious self-emanating statue of Chenrezig said to be the actual deity itself in Phakpa, Garsha Khandroling, India.
In July 2013 Lama Zopa Rinpoche engaged in retreat with Khadro-la and Tsenshap Serkong Rinpoche in the valley of Lahual, India, which is known by meditators as Garsha Khandroling, “Land of the Dakinis.”
The retreat took place in one of the holy places in Garsha, Phakpa (or Triloknath), a small village with an ancient temple that houses a self-emanating statue of Chenrezig said to be the actual deity itself.
The incredible butter lamp offered to Chenrezig, will have light for all time.
During the retreat Rinpoche sponsored one year of butter for the giant silver butter lamp which is in front of this extremely precious statue of Chenrezig. The cost of a year of butter for the light offering is US$430 a year. In fact, Rinpoche has committed to offer light to this statue for as long as the statue exists.
Rinpoche made the prayer when offering the butter light: “I am offering this on behalf of all the six-realm sentient beings, all the animals, birds, fish, cockroaches, ants, every bat, every tiny insect that jumps up when you walk in the grass, every single crab, every spider, every butterfly and all the numberless animals and numberless beings in each of the six realms (hell beings, hungry ghosts, animals human beings, sura, asuras and intermediate state beings).” So this offering became an offering from all of these beings as well.
If you would like to contribute to Lama Zopa Rinpoche’s extensive offerings to holy objects around the world, you may donate any amount to the Lama Zopa Rinpoche Bodhichitta Fund.
We are not aware of the limitless skies of benefits we achieve from the practice of offering, what we can achieve and enjoy from life to life. Even while you are in samsara, you enjoy good rebirths, wealth, and every happiness. Even just the samsaric perfections are amazing, without adding all those incredible realizations that allow us to offer deep benefit to sentient beings, liberating them from oceans of samsaric suffering and its cause, delusion and karma.
—Lama Zopa Rinpoche (from Extensive Offerings, published by FPMT Education Services)
Light Offering Prayer
Composed by Lama Atisha
May the light of the lamp be equal to the great three thousand worlds and their environments, May the wick of the lamp be equal to the king of mountains – Mount Meru. May the butter be equal to the infinite ocean. May there be billions of trillions of lamps in the presence of each and every buddha. May the light illuminate the darkness of ignorance of all sentient beings From the peak of samsara down to the most torturous hell, Whereby they can see directly and clearly all the ten directions’ Buddhas and bodhisattvas and their pure lands.
OM VAJRA ALOKE AH HUM E MA HO
I offer these beautifully exalted clear and luminous lights To the thousand buddhas of the fortunate eon, To all the buddhas and bodhisattvas of the infinite pure lands and of the ten directions, To all the gurus, meditation deities, dakas, dakinis, dharma protectors, and the assembly of deities of all mandalas.
Every year on Lha Bab Duchen (Buddha’s Descent from Tushita) the Puja Fund sponsors an incredible array of pujas and offerings performed by Sangha around the world. This year, Lha Bab Duchen is celebrated on November 24 and the Puja Fund will sponsor over US$5,000 in pujas and practices. You are invited to participate in offering to this incredible array of beneficial activities.
Sera Lachi (6,000 monks): Druk Chu Ma, Namgyäl Tong Chö, Zangcho (King of Prayers)
Ganden Lachi (3,400 monks): Druk Chu Ma, Medicine Buddha Puja, Zangcho
Gyurme Tantric College (650 monks): Recitation of the Prajnaparamita (three versions)
Gyuto Tantric College (600 monks): Namgyäl Tong Chö, Zangcho.
20rs is offered to every monk at these monasteries.
Kopan Monastery: Druk chu ma, Medicine Buddha Puja, Tsang Cho. 50rs are offered to each monk.
Kopan Nunnery: Druk Chu Ma, Medicine Buddha Puja, Tsang Cho. 50rs are offered to each nun.
Offerings to all of Lama Zopa Rinpoche’s gurus (His Holiness the Dalai Lama, His Holiness Sakya Trizen, Geshe Sopa Rinpoche, Choden Rinpoche, Dhakpa Rinpoche, Jhado Rinpoche, Khongla Rato Rinpoche, Tsenshap Serkong Rinpoche).
Offerings are made to all the Sangha at international Sangha communities: Nalanda Monastery, France; Thubten Shedrup Ling, Australia; Istituto Lama Tzong Khapa, Italy; Chenrezig Institute, Australia; and Sangha offering service at Rinpoche’s house, USA.
White wash and offering four giant saffron flower petals are offered toBouddhanath and Swayambunath stupas in Nepal, as well as new umbrellas to the stupas’ pinnacles.
A new set of robes of the most precious material is offered to the Buddha inside the Bodhgaya Mahabodhi temple as well as the Jowo Buddha in Lhasa’s Jokang and also gold is offered to the holy face of the Jowo Buddha.
Every month on the full moon the Puja Fund sponsors the offering of gold and robes to the holy Jowo Buddha Statue in Tibet. This month, the full moon falls on November 17.
Lama Zopa Rinpoche recently explained some of the benefits of offering gold to holy objects:
If someone offers a small flower or rice to a Buddha statue, a stupa or scripture then the benefit extends from then up to Enlightenment. Amazing, amazing. It is said in the sutra Piled Flowers, on top of that benefit, you achieve ultimate happiness – liberation from the causes of delusion and karma and on top of that full Enlightenment – all the realizations and omniscient mind. After this, then you liberate numberless hell beings, pretas, animals, humans, suras and asuras from the ocean of samsaric sufferings and bring them to full Enlightenment. When all beings are brought to
Enlightenment, only then are all the results of offering achieved. So by offering gold, then wow, wow, wow.
Scribe Ven. Tenzin Namdrol. Kopan, December 2012.
You can contribute to this unbelievably precious offering, any amount you are able:
Sera Mey monks performing the monthly Medicine Buddha Puja offered by the Puja Fund.
The Puja Fund recently offered US$2,843.49 for six months of monthly Medicine Buddha pujas performed by the monks of Sera Mey Monastery, South India.
This monthly puja is offered on the Tibetan 8th day of every month. 2,000 monks attend and are offered tea, bread and a small money offering for their participation. The cost of light offerings and torma offerings for the puja is also offered. This month, the puja will be performed on November 10th.
Extensive dedication prayers are made for the success of the entire FPMT organization; FPMT centers, projects, services; all students who are ill or having life obstacles; benefactors of The Puja Fund and to all beings.
Please rejoice in this monthly puja which helps support the monks of Sera Mey Monastery and has immense benefit for the entire FPMT organization.
You can donate any amount to these ongoing efforts.
This year Chokhor Duchen, the annual celebration commemoration of Lord Buddha’s first teaching, took place on July 12. Please rejoice in the incredible array of pujas and activities sponsored by the Puja Fund with strong prayers. Some of these activities were: The recitation of the entire Kangyur offered by the Kopan nuns; A new set of robes were offered to the Jowo Buddha statue in Tibet and offerings of paint and an umbrella were made to the two precious stupas: Bouddhanath and Swayambunath.
You can be a part of these incredible pujas and offerings by donating to the Puja Fund.
The following is an extensive list of all the pujas and offerings sponsored by the FPMT Puja Fund. A description of these pujas follows below.
Annual: Four Buddha Days
Losar (Tibetan New Year and the 15 days of miracles) Saka Dawa (Day 15 of Month 4: Lord Buddha’s birth, enlightenment and parinirvana) Chokhor Duchen(Day 4 of Month 6, commemorating Lord Buddha’s first teaching) Lha Bab Duchen (Buddha’s Descent from Tushita)
Prayers and Offerings:
Sera Lachi (6,000 monks): Druk Chu Ma, Namgyäl Tong Chö, Zangcho (King of Prayers)
Ganden Lachi (3,400 monks): Druk Chu Ma, Medicine Buddha Puja, Zangcho
Gyurme Tantric College (650 monks): Recitation of the Prajnaparamita (three versions)
Gyuto Tantric College (600 monks): Namgyäl Tong Chö, Zangcho.
Rs 20 is offered to every monk at these monasteries
Offerings made to all of Lama Zopa Rinpoche’s gurus: His Holiness the Dalai Lama, His Holiness the Sakya Trizen, Jhado Rinpoche, Dhakpa Tritul Rinpoche, Khyongla Rato Rinpoche and Rinpoche’s other gurus.
Offering are made to all the Sangha at international Sangha communities: Nalanda Monastery, France; Thubten Shedrup Ling, Australia; Istituto Lama Tzong Khapa, Italy; Chenrezig Institute, Australia; Sangha doing service at Rinpoche’s house, USA
In addition to the prayers and offerings listed above, the following are additionally offered on the following Buddha Days respectively:
Losar
Kopan Monastery and Nunnery (370 monks, 400 nuns): offering lunch and money offering, NPR 100 offered to all Kopan monks and nuns
A full set of robes is offered to all FPMT geshes and resident teachers
Monetary offerings to the 700+ monks and nuns of Kopan Monastery and Nunnery during the annual Monlam festival
Saka Dawa
Making and filling of stupas and lunch offering to participants at Chenrezig Institute, Australia
Kopan Monastery (370 monks):Tukchuma puja and Medicine Buddha puja, NPR 50 offered to all of the monks
Kopan Nunnery (400 nuns): 100,000 recitations of praises to 21 Taras, NPR 50 and lunch offered to all of the nuns
Chokhor Duchen
Kopan Monastery (370 monks): Namgyal Tsechok, Rs 50 offered to each monk
Kopan Nunnery (400 nuns): Kangyur recitation, Rs 50 offered to each nun over three sessions
Lha Bab Duchen
Kopan Monastery (370 monks): Druk chu ma, Medicine Buddha Puja, Tsang Cho, Rs 50 offered to each monk
Kopan Nunnery (400 nuns): Druk chu ma, Medicine Buddha Puja, Tsang Cho, Rs 50 offered to each nun
Monthly Activities
Full Moon
Prayers and Offerings:
Offering of white-washing, Bouddhanath and Swayambunath Stupa, Nepal
Offering new umbrellas to the stupas’ pinnacles, Bouddhanath and Swayambunath Stupa, Nepal
Saffron flowers offered in each of the four directions. Bouddhanath and Swayambunath Stupa, Nepal
16 Arhant puja for Lama Zopa Rinpoche’s long life, Kopan Monastery, Nepal
A new set of robes of the most precious material with meditation practice is offered each month to the Buddha inside the Bodhgaya Mahabodhi temple, Bodhgaya, India
A new set of robes of the most precious material is offered monthly to the Jowo Buddha in Lhasa’s Jokhang, Lhasa Jokhang, Tibet
Gold is also offered to the holy face of the Jowo Buddha, Lhasa Jokhang, Tibet
Robes offered to special Chenrezig statue inside Potala palace (when possible), Tibet
Tibetan 8th day
Prayers and Offerings:
Extensive Medicine Buddha puja on the 8th day of the Tibetan month to bring success to all one’s activities, and for long life and also when anyone has passed away, Sera Me Monastery, India
Rs 20 offering to approx. 2000 monks, Sera Me Monastery, India
Tibetan 29th day
Prayers and Offerings:
Hayagriva Tsog Kong: all-day puja to Hayagriva with extensive offerings offered by 40 senior monks at Sera Je Monastery
Rs 150 offering to approx. 40 monks, Sera Je Monastery, India
May- June: Tibetan 10th – 25th of the 5th month
One week before Saka Dawa
Prayers and Offerings:
100,000 Tsog Offerings to Padmasambhava offered by Lama Zopa Rinpoche, Dagri Rinpoche, Khadro-la, Sangha and high lamas from Gelug, Nyingma and Kagyu monasteries
Offerings and meals for all the sangha for that week
While this is intended for each year, Lama Zopa Rinpoche’s and Khadro-la’s schedule may not always allow for this.
Anniversary of His Holiness Trijang Rinpoche’s passing
Location: Ganden Lachi, India
Prayers and Offerings:
Lama Chopa, and tsog and light offerings offered
Lama Tsongkhapa Day
Special dessert for the International Mahayana Institute Sangha (the monks and nuns of FPMT) in their respective monastic communities around the world.
Descriptions of Pujas Offered
Druk Chu Ma: 64 offerings to Kalarupa to eliminate obstacles to one’s activities or projects that are bringing benefit to others
Namgyäl Tong Chö: One thousand sets of offerings to Buddha Namgyälma
Namgyäl Tsechog: Is performed to Buddha Namgyälma is performed to remove all obstacles to one’s life and to have a long life. This puja is specifically dedicated to His Holiness the Dalai Lama and to all beings who are benefiting others and practicing virtue.
Medicine Buddha Puja: To bring success to all one’s activities, for long life, and for when someone has passed away
Since the pujas are to be performed for as long as the monasteries exist, somebody can, if they want to participate, put in one dollar. This goes into many of the funds and benefits all the monasteries including Kopan, Nalanda and wherever there are large groups of sangha as well as the [FPMT] organization and the Maitreya Buddha statue. I thought these things might help for that. We need to create good karma for success.
—Lama Zopa Rinpoche, to the FPMT Board of Directors, September 1990
These ongoing worldwide pujas and offerings are something amazing to rejoice in, to mentally offer and dedicate towards and also something you can also participate in by donating any amount … How amazing!
You may donate any amount to help ensure these pujas and offerings continue long into the future.
Since 1995 the Puja Fund has been sponsoring pujas, prayers and practices performed by as many as 9,000 Sangha, on behalf of the entire FPMT organization. Recently, Lama Zopa Rinpoche revised all of the yearly and ongoing activity that the fund supports – quadrupling the offerings in the process! The annual cost of these offerings is now estimated at US$85,000. Please rejoice in this incredible array of pujas, prayers and practices. This is something amazing to rejoice in, to mentally offer and dedicate towards and also something you can participate in by donating any amount … How amazing!
We hear religious people talk a lot about morality. What is morality? Morality is the wisdom that understands the nature of the mind. The mind that understands its own nature automatically becomes moral, or positive; and the actions motivated by such a mind also become positive. That’s what we call morality. The basic nature of the narrow mind is ignorance; therefore the narrow mind is negative.
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